Mineralogy and Geology Among Arab and Muslim Scholars and Modern Science: A Comparative Study

Abstract

The study aims to shed light on the contributions of some Arab and Muslim scholars in the field of mineralogy and geology during the flourishing era of Islamic civilization, drawing  comparison between their accomplishments  and the advancements made in modern science in this field, considering the evolution of research, exploration, measurement, and laboratory analysis techniques. The study is divided into an introduction, two main sections, and a conclusion. The first section discussed the types and formation of rocks. The second section focused on minerals and gemstones. The study key findings showed that the accurate descriptions, innovative classifications, and in-depth studies of minerals and rocks by Arab scholars often closely resembled or even aligned with the those of modern science. It was also concluded that Arab  and Muslim scholars contributions extended beyond the transmitted knowledge of previous sciences, encompassing areas of creativity and authenticity.